Getting Started with Rust

Every programming language has some boilerplate material that we use to start a programming project. Mostly it is code to describe where the program should start and what additional libraries should be used to augment the programming language itself. Thus we have, in every language, this smallest program that we can write. We will ignore some of the explanation as to exactly what these minimal programs are doing until later. It is sufficient for now that we treat this as boilerplate code that forms the foundation of our programs. We can then expand upon these boilerplate programs as we explore the various features of the language.

HelloWorld.rs

/******************************************************************************
 * Simple first program.
 * 
 * Copyright © 2020 Richard Lesh.  All rights reserved.
 *****************************************************************************/

fn main() {
	println!("Hello, world!");
}

Output

$ rustc HelloWorld.rs $ ./HelloWorld Hello, world!

This approach to introducing a programming language by writing a simple program that outputs one phrase, typically "Hello, world!" was first seen in Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie's book "The C Programming Language" in the 1970s.

Language Execution Models

In order to get our programs as they are written in our favorite language to run on a computer, it is necessary to convert from the English-like text of our source code to something that the computer CPU can understand. Depending on the language, this either involves a compilation or interpretation phase. Some modern languages require both phases.

Compilation involves taking our source code and then translating it into another language, typically the language of the CPU known as machine language. Compilation is typically performed by a program called a compiler and it is a required step when writing in a compiled language. Once our program has been compiled into machine code, we can then run it directly on the CPU. Languages such as C, C++, Objective C, Swift, FORTRAN and Cobol are all compiled languages. These languages are typically used in the development of operating systems and commercially distributed code.

Compile Execution Model — Compiled Language Execution Model

Interpretation involves taking our source code and then line by line decomposing the source into steps that are immediately carried out by the CPU. Interpreted languages require a program called an interpreter to perform this function. There is no compilation phase, we just get to the business of running our program straight from the source code each time we want it to run. Compared to compiled languages, it can often be easier to develop and debug interpreted programs. Interpreted languages, often called scripting languages, include JavaScript, Python and Ruby.

Interpret Execution Model — Interpreted Language Execution Model

Some languages, most notable are Java and JavaScript, use both approaches. In the case of Java, the source code is compiled to the machine code for a fictional CPU known as the virtual machine (VM). Because your CPU doesn't typically use the same instruction set as the virtual machine, the compiled program must then be interpreted by a program that in essence pretends to be the virtual machine. So languages that use a VM have both a compiled and an interpreted phase. Notable VM languages are Java and C#.

VM Execution Model — VM Language Execution Model

Tool Setup

Because C++ uses the Compiled Language Execution Model we need to have the following software tools available to us: programming text editor to create/edit our source files, compiler and linker to translate our source files into a native executable program, and a command-line console to launch the program and handle the input and output from our program.

Command-Line Console

The Command-Line Console is used to invoke the JavaScript interpreter and is also used by the programs we write for text input and output. Linux, Mac OS X and Windows all come with a Command-Line Console program though many are not accustomed to using it.

In Linux the Command-Line Console is immediately available if booting in text mode. If booting in the Gnome graphical interface, it is typically available under the Application Menu -> Accessories -> Terminal.
In Mac OS X the Command-Line Console is found in the Applications folder -> Utilities -> Terminal.
On the Raspberry Pi the Command-Line Console is immediately available if booting in text mode. If booting in the Gnome graphical interface, it is available under the Application Menu -> Accessories -> Terminal.
In Windows the Command-Line Console is found under the Start Menu -> All Programs -> Accessories -> Command Prompt. On Windows there are many more functional terminal emulator programs than the built-in one available such [[ConsoleZ]].

On this site we will use the terms console, terminal and command-line prompt interchangeably. Illustrations of terminal command sequences will be presented in a box with a black background. User input will appear in white while the command prompts ($) and program output will appear in green.

$ user input program output

Programming Text Editor

Programming Text Editors can be as simple as a plain text editor or as complicated as a text editor built-in to an Integrated Development Environment (IDE). For our purposes a middle-of-the-road programming editor will suffice. These types of text editors offer some niceties beyond the basic ability to edit text files. The most common of these programming oriented features is syntax highlighting which colors the parts of the programming text to indicate its role in the programming language's syntax. Other features include auto-completion, auto-balancing of brackets and auto-indenting of source code.

Programming Text Editors are not the same types of programs as Word Processing software. Word Processing software is designed to format and layout complex text documents such as manuals, brochures or flyers. The documents that they create are stored in special word processing formats that are not compatible with our programming tools. Programming Text Editors not only have features aimed at helping write programs, but more importantly they save the source files in a plain text format ([[ASCII]] or [[UTF-8]]) required by our programming tools.

While bare-bones text editors that come with your OS like TextEdit (Mac OS X), LeafEdit (Raspbian) or Notepad (Windows) will work to edit our source code files, you will be more productive using a programming text editor. Based on your operating system you might try some of the programming text editors listed below.

Linux: [[GEdit]] (Free), [[Geany]] (Free), [[Komodo Edit]] (Free), [[Sublime Text]] (Free), [[UltraEdit]], [[Visual Studio Code]] (Free)
Mac OS X: [[GEdit]] (Free), [[Geany]] (Free), [[BBEdit]], [[Komodo Edit]] (Free), [[Sublime Text]] (Free), [[TextMate 2]], [[UltraEdit]], [[Visual Studio Code]] (Free)
Raspberry Pi: [[GEdit]] (Free), [[Geany]] (Free), [[Visual Studio Code]] (Free)
Windows: [[GEdit]] (Free), [[Geany]] (Free) [[Komodo Edit]] (Free), [[Notepad++]] (Free), [[Sublime Text]] (Free), [[UltraEdit]], [[Visual Studio Code]] (Free)

Most Linux distributions based on the Gnome desktop will come with GEdit already installed. Some, however, like the distribution for the Raspberry Pi do not. If your distribution does not have GEdit installed it is easy to install from the command-line terminal using apt.
$ sudo apt install gedit

Raspberry Pi OS comes with Geany already installed. If your Linux distribution does not have Geany installed it is easy to install from the command-line terminal using apt.
$ sudo apt install geany

Visual Studio Code can be installed on Linux distributions including Raspberry Pi OS from the command-line terminal using apt.
$ sudo apt install code

Compiler and Linker

To see if your system already has the [[Rust Compiler]] tool chain installed, use the terminal to print the version of your installed compiler.

$ rustc --version rustc 1.71.1 (eb26296b5 2023-08-03) (built from a source tarball)

If you don't see the Rust version information illustrated above, then you do not have the compiler installed. There are multiple ways to install Rust depending on whether you want to use the command line or a pre-packaged installer. There are also different approaches depending on whether you just want to install Rust for the current user or for all users on the computer.

To install the [[Rust Compiler]] tools on a Unix-like OS like Ubuntu, Linux Mint, MacOS or RaspberryPi for just yourself, use the terminal to download and run the Rust updater called rustup.

$ curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh info: downloading installer Welcome to Rust! This will download and install the official compiler for the Rust programming language, and its package manager, Cargo. ... 1) Proceed with installation (default) 2) Customize installation 3) Cancel installation > 1 ...

To install the [[Rust Compiler]] tools on a Debian-based Linux distribution like Ubuntu, Linux Mint or RaspberryPi for all users, use the terminal to run apt.

$ sudo apt install rustc cargo [sudo] password for rich: eading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done The following additional packages will be installed: libstd-rust-1.67 libstd-rust-dev libgit2-1.5 libhttp-parser2.9 libssh2-1 Suggested packages: cargo-doc llvm-15 lld-15 clang-15 The following NEW packages will be installed: libstd-rust-1.67 libstd-rust-dev rustc cargo libgit2-1.5 libhttp-parser2.9 libssh2-1 0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 67.7 MB of archives. After this operation, 287 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y ...

To install the [[Rust Compiler]] tools on MacOS for all users, use the one of the package managers [[MacPorts]] or [[Homebrew]].

To install the [[Rust Compiler]] tools using a pre-packaged installer go to the [[Rust Installers]] website and download the appropriate installer for your architecture and OS.

To install Rust on Windows go to the [[Rust Compiler]] download page and download the 32-bit or 64-bit compiler based on your version of Windows. Then run the downloaded installer.

References

[[Rust Language Reference]]
[[Rust Compiler]]